Additionally, other molecules involved mitochondrial quality control can be influenced by copper
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Through these molecular mechanisms, GLP-1 not only plays a crucial role in the treatment of diabetes by enhancing the function and protecting pancreatic -cells from apoptosis, but it may also offer potential therapeutic benefits in fields such as cardiovascular and neural protection.198,205,206 GLP-1 can also enhance the uptake and utilization of glucose in muscle and adipose tissues.207,208,209 And GLP-1s action in the brain reduces appetite and may influence energy expenditure.176,210,211 These effects involve interactions with other satiety and hunger signals, such as PYY, CCK, insulin, and leptin.212,213 GLP-1 PI3K/Akt - .1,188 GLP-1 .189,190,191 GLP-1R (AC) cAMP( ) .191,192 GLP-1R , GPCR Class I PI3Ks .1 PI3Ks SH2 PI3K PI3K .193 GPCR .194,195 PI3K -4,5-(PIP2) -3,4,5-(PIP3) .196 PIP3 Akt
