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Vitamin B12 is essential for: Energy production Red blood cell formation Nervous system function Brain health and concentration When B12 levels are low, the body struggles to produce energy efficiently, leading to fatigue and other symptoms

This enhanced metabolic function can also contribute to increased energy levels

The first converts homocysteine to methionine, which supports DNA synthesis and red cell production

Future research should focus on large-scale, well-controlled randomized trials with standardized dosing protocols, clearly defined deficiency thresholds, and long-term follow-up to strengthen the evidence base and guide clinical practice