GLP-1Rs are expressed in the pancreas, intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes, myocardium, adipose tissue, kidney, liver, blood vessels, lungs and in the CNS.2,3 Although GLP-1 is known for its incretin effect, which it shares with glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), the intake-regulating action, essential for its efficacy against obesity, occurs through its interaction with receptors located in the CNS.1,5 The GLP-1 peptide can reach the central nervous system (CNS) via peripheral vagal afferents, which transmit its action through the nodose ganglion to the nucleus tactus solitarius (NTS)
The goal is matching risk tolerance to available options rather than seeking nonexistent perfect safety
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On the other hand, a vitamin B12 deficiency appears to cause a loss of appetite in some people, leading to weight loss rather than weight gain ( That said, the current evidence is too weak to suggest that a vitamin B12 deficiency has any strong or specific impact on weight be it weight gain or loss