A WHO consultation identified the most vulnerable groups as elderly individuals, infants, preschool-aged children, and pregnant or lactating women, due to either increased nutritional demands or impaired absorption capacity ( Addressing the prevention of B12 deficiency and its public health implications requires a comprehensive, life-course approach based on integrated strategies targeting early detection, dietary optimisation, and effective supplementation, in order to mitigate the long-term consequences of inadequate cobalamin status ( Intramuscular (IM) injection is the most invasive and costly administration method, requiring trained personnel and clinical visits
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Since the Injection procedure does not include the components of a Preventive Medicine E/M service, the Injection can be reported separately and the Preventive Medicine E/M code does not need a modifier to indicate it is distinct or separate from the Injection procedure
van Walraven C, Austin P, Naylor CD: Vitamin B12 injections versus oral supplements